Types of Assessment

In Module 1, we established some common terminology surrounding assessment. Here we'll dig a little deeper into different types of assessment. Categorizing the various types of assessment may help you decide which methods of assessment might be most useful or provide more meaningful results.

Formative v. Summative Assessments

Formative Assessments measure students’ mastery of skills and/or concepts as a course is being taught, either continuously or regularly, throughout the term. Think of these as opportunities to provide feedback for students while they develop new skills or apply new information. Examples of formative assessments include weekly homework assignments, quizzes, written reflections, rough drafts, and discussion posts.

Summative Assessments measure students’ mastery of skills and/or concepts at the end of a unit, course, or program. These assessments often measure student learning against a specific standard or benchmark. Examples of summative assessments include final exams, final presentations, capstone projects or experiences, and certification exams.

Direct v. Indirect Measures

Direct Measures assess students’ mastery of skills and/or concepts against standardized expectations or outcomes. Examples of direct assessment measures include quizzes, tests, case studies, labs, and essays, presentations, or portfolios evaluated with a rubric.

Indirect Measures can add useful insight into student learning, but typically provide less compelling evidence of student learning. Examples of indirect measures include retention and graduation rates, transfer GPA, grade distributions, surveys, exit interviews, and self-evaluations.

While indirect evidence can be useful or add insight into student learning, indirect measures alone are insufficient to support continuous improvement. Effective assessment processes always include direct evidence of student learning.